The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 - 6444 Words

Bulletin of Science, Technology Society http://bst.sagepub.com/ The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 Roli Varma and Daya R. Varma Bulletin of Science Technology Society 2005 25: 37 DOI: 10.1177/0270467604273822 The online version of this article can be found at: http://bst.sagepub.com/content/25/1/37 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Association for Science, Technology Society Additional services and information for Bulletin of Science, Technology Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://bst.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav†¦show more content†¦R. Varma, 1986; D. R. Varma Guest, 1993). In 2002, a play â€Å"Bhopal† was staged in Canada as well as in India. The Nature of Things of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation screened the documentary â€Å"Bhopal: The Search for Justice,† directed by Peter Raymont and Lindalee Tracey, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Bhopal disaster. The Bhopal issue has been taken up by numerous organizations. Sambhavana Foundation, which came into being as a response to the disaster, operates a free clinic for the victims, does epidemiological and envi- I Bulletin of Science, Technology Society, Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2005, 37-45 DOI: 10.1177/0270467604273822 Copyright ï›™ 2005 Sage Publications Downloaded from bst.sagepub.com at University of Wollongong on March 3, 2012 38 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE / February 2005 Figure 1. Map of Bhopal showing the location of the UCIL plant and the areas most severely affected (shaded). Inset: Location of Bhopal in India. ronmental research, and is building a hospital. Rashida Bee and Champa Devi Shukla, two survivors of the tragedy and activists of the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal, won the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize in 2004. In this article, we present what happened in Bhopal and why. We outline the doubleShow MoreRelatedBhopal Gas Disaster Of 19841247 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bhopal Gas Disaster of 1984 INTRODUCTION On the Night of December 2, 1984, there was a horrific accident at the Union Carbide Pesticide Chemical Factory in Bhopal, India. The factory produced a chemical called methyl isocyanate (MIC) also know by Union Carbide as â€Å"Liquid Dynamite†. It is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO MIC is a highly reactive intermediate chemical used to manufacture various pesticides. This chemical reacts exothermically with water and produces a poisonousRead MoreBhopal, India Disaster Of 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will examine the Bhopal, India disaster of 1984 focusing on the ethical responsibility of Union Carbide. In the rest of this document is the case that a corporation has a responsibility to behave ethically if for no other reason than increase in long term profitability. Background In 1969 the Union Carbide plan was built in Bohpal India. The plant was operated by Union Carbide India Ltd (Leonard, 2010). 50.9% of the plant was owned by Union Carbide (of which Union CarbideRead MoreUnion Carbides Bhopal Disaster1301 Words   |  6 PagesUnion Carbide s Bhopal Disaster In 1984, as if in a nightmare, a cloud of poison gas reached out and snuffed the lives of thousands of people in the sleeping city of Bhopal, India. The residents awoke to a terrible disaster, a chemical explosion whose memory could never be erased. At the center of the tragedy was the Union Carbide pesticide plant, and surrounding the accident were doubts and accusations of negligence and unethical practices. The Disaster On December 3, 1984, one of the worldRead MoreEssay about Bhopal Ethical Issues1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the worlds worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Gas Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesBhopal Gas Tragedy Product - Brand name Sevin (Union Carbide) - Third most used insecticide in US - Not fatal to people Carbaryl - Does not cause cancer Chemistry TLV = 0.02 ppm Methyl isocyanate Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) Clear, colourless, b.p. 39oC, odour threshold 2.1 ppm Effects of 0.4 ppm - Coughing - Chest pain - Breathing pain (dyspnea) - Asthma - Eye irritation - Nose, throat, skin damage Effects of 21 ppm - Lung oedema - Emphysema (damage of lung tissue) - hemorrhaging - bronchialRead MoreBhopal, Bhopal And Its Effects900 Words   |  4 Pagesyears ago in Bhopal, India, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant led to around thirty tons of highly toxic gases to fill the air and spread through the nearby towns. When the accident occurred, over 600,000 people were exposed to the very deadly gas. Over the past years, 15,000 people have been killed by the disaster and it’s effects. (Union Carbide Corporation, 2001-2014) Toxic material still remains in Bhopal to this day. (Taylor, 2014) This accident occurred in 1984 at the Union CarbideRead MoreBhopal Ethical Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the world s worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreDisaster Is A Blind Killer1457 Words   |  6 PagesDisaster is a blind killer as it erupts and affects thousands worldwide. The severity of disasters is expected to increase as a result of contemporary threats (biological, cyber, nuclear, etc.) in addition to increased globalization and climate change. Yet sometimes government bodies, corporations, and the like fall short in instituting preventative systems to avert a disaster, oftentimes causing the general populous to be inadequately pre pared should a catastrophe occur. Union Carbide’s gas leakRead MoreComparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy1362 Words   |  6 Pagesmade some serious mistakes which caused a huge damage and large amount of death to people. In this essay, I am going to write about the two disasters that caused a lot of injures by the explosion of poisonous chemicals, which located in India and Italy. According to Shrivastava (1996), on the night of 2/3 December 1984, an enormous accident happened in Bhopal, India, the highly poisonous and unbalanced chemical gas was escaped from the factory and continue to spread over the city which caused byRead MoreThe Gas Leak Tragedy Of Bhopal1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gas Leak Tragedy of Bhopal, India is considered the worst industrial disaster in history. Originally, the Bhopal pesticide plants were to be some of the best and most beautiful plants which would have huge production capabilities. However, in 1984 there was a massive leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) which spread out to local communities and has negatively affected the health of hundreds of thousands of people. The reason why the pesticide plant was created was for the â€Å"Green Revolution† in the

The Health Care Of America - 1274 Words

Blacks in America are amongst the top percentage of people in America without health insurance. Because these families cannot afford the high cost of insurance, they do not get the health care needed to maintain good health. They must live with the pain and worry of the problem and when they do get medical care, they assume huge debts and another worry of how to pay for it. I have been in this situation of being uninsured as recent as when Obama care started. I will attempt to show some factors why blacks are under insured. Even though Oboma care has made healthcare more affordable with tax credit incenstives there are many still left unisuired. There has to be a change in the way are country health care indsustry operates. â€Å"A sweeping†¦show more content†¦The Republicans and the Democrats are more concerned with paying down the national debt that getting health care coverage for those who need it. So any coverage that a family does have is from the employer if they w ork. Employment insurance in most companies is for the employee only. The employee then has to have money taken out of their paycheck to cover their family members. Depending on the number of family members to be covered depends on how much money will be taken out of the paycheck. Unless we work for a prestigious company and make lots of money the money taken out of our paychecks shorten the amount we take home to live on. So the employee may have insurance but their spouse may not. This is a problem when the spouse cannot work. Another situation is when the employer does not offer any insurance to their employees. The employee is then part of the millions who do not have health care insurance and cannot afford to pay for it. The people who do not have the coverage are those who are too poor to afford it. Many working parents who fall into the lower class are the greatest group of people who cannot afford insurance. Another factor of the uninsured Americans are those who have a lowe r level of education. Generally, the better educated the person the better chance they are to have a good job that covers them and their family. Those who have a high volume income are those who are most likely to have healthcare insurance, and

Australian taxation Residency Source and Ordinary Income-free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Australian taxation Residency Source and Ordinary Income. Answer: Residency and source Issue related to the case Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. He took birth in Chile and is still retaining the citizenship of Chile. He is spending most of his time in the coast of Indonesia as he had been recruited for a job by a United States based company in Australia. He had signed the contract with the company in Australia. Wife of Kit had been living in Australia with their two children. They had purchased a house in Australia three years back. Kit is having a joint account with his wife in Westpac bank. The salary of Kit is directly deposited in this account. The other investment income of family including share portfolio dividend income remains in the city of Chile. Kit is getting one month off from his job in every third month and on these holidays he comes to meet his family in Australia or in Chile. Regulations related to the case As per the provisions of Australian taxation office, there are various types of test which help in testing the residential status of the person: [7] Primary test First of all primary test is taken into consideration for the purpose of checking the residential status. The primary test of residency is also called the residency test. As per the provisions of this test, the person who is residing in Australia will be considered as the resident of Australia depending on the following considerations: Intention of residing in Australia: the assessee must have attention to live in Australia for a longer period and is not just living there for a shorter period. [8] Ties with family and the employment: the person is considered as the resident of Australia if his family and children are living in Australia and he is also having long term ties with employer in Australia. The location of assets: the person is considered as the resident of Australia if he is having a house, bank accounts and other assets in Australia. Arrangement with the society: the behavior of the person must include the social arrangement in Australia that is admitting their children in the local schools of Australia. Domicile test The domicile test is the second test which provides that the person will be considered as the resident of Australia if the permanent place of business of the concerned person is Australia no matter the person is actually residing in Australia or not. [14] 183 days test This test provides that the person will be considered as the resident of Australia if the person had lived in Australia for a period of 183 days or more. The counting of 183 days includes the days spent with breaks and without breaks both. [14] Superannuation test This test is applicable on the government employees that are currently working in Australia and other persons that are covered in the eligible superannuation scheme. Hence the person covered under the above scheme will be considered as the resident of Australia. [15] Application of the relevant provision on the case The primary test of residency is not applicable on the above case as he is not presently residing in Australia. He is working in United States and he is hired under a contract by the United States based company. He had also not fulfilled the 183 days test as he had not lived in Australia for the minimum period thus he will also not be covered under the 183 days. He will also not be covered under the superannuation test as he is not the government employee of Australia and is also not covered under the superannuation scheme. Thus he will be covered under the domicile test as the person is not living in Australia but the principal place remains in Australia. Kit had left Australia for a temporary period only to complete his contract and he will come back to Australia after the specified period. Kit does not set up the permanent home in United States and his wife and children are already living in a house which was acquired in Australia. The salary of his job from United States also com es in bank account of Australia thus he had not made any arrangements for permanent living in United States thus this shows he will not be residing permanently in United states. Thus he will be considered as the resident of Australia for the purpose of taxation and his world wide income will be taxable in Australia. [16] Conclusion on the case Kit will be considered as the resident of Australia as he is covered under the definition of domicile test and had duly passed the test. Thus he is the resident of Australia for the taxation purposes. The worldwide income of the resident is taxable in the country to which the person belongs as the resident. Hence in this case, the worldwide income of Kit will be taxable in Australia. The taxability of the person depends on various factors such as social factors etc. The various types of income such as the employment income, rental income, pension and annuities and the capital gain of the Australian resident will be taxable as per the provision of Australian taxation. Thus the investment income and salary of Kit will be taxable as per the Australian taxation. Though the investment income is received in Chile but he is considered as the resident of Australia thus it will be taxable in Australia. The salary comes in the bank account of Australia thus it will be taxable in Australia. But Kit will be eligible to claim foreign tax credit of the tax that had been deducted at source in various countries such as Chile and United States. Ordinary income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd. v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5TC 159 The above case is identified with the offer of the capital asset and the treatment of the gain that is received on sale of the property will be dealt with as the ordinary or the capital nature. As indicated by this case, the court had given the decision that when the investments are sold by the proprietor at a value more than the cost of securing then the profit won't be considered as ordinary income yet there is an exemption that if the sale of the asset is not made only with the end goal of progress and it is identified with the normal operations of the business then it will be dealt with as income of ordinary nature. Consequently in the above case, the land was sold in connection to the typical operations of the business in this way the benefit gotten discounted of land will be dealt with as the ordinary income. [9] Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The above case is identified with the organization that had procured certain real estate parcel so it can do mining work however it was not effective henceforth it thought about a thought to subdivide the land and after that the subdivided land were sold to various individuals at profits. In any case, the organization battled that it is having mining business and is not simply offering land. The court had given that according to the provisions of subsection 1 of section 25 of ITAA 1936, profit by sale of land will be incorporated into the assessable income. In the above case, land was sold after subdivision and in this way the subdivision was done ordinarily which led to repetition of operations and giving a feeling that it was basically a business of land improvement in this way the profits will be recorded as the ordinary income. [10] FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In the above case, subdivision of land was done Whit fords and they had sold the land with the feeling that it will be dealt with as the capital gain. The high court had given that the salary earned by them will be dealt with as ordinary income as it is being surveyed under section 25(1) of the ITAA 1936 and the domestic land had been changed over to the land utilized for transaction of business nature. In this manner the court had additionally extended meaning of isolated transaction and had given that individual transaction are likewise considered as ordinary transaction relying on the nature. In this manner the benefit received marked down of land will be normal income. [6] Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In the above case, the land sold had initially been acquired keeping in mind the end goal to do cultivating operations by the perished individual and the land was given to a few individuals from the family and they had subdivided the land and after that sold the land. Accordingly the evaluates needed to consider the profits as the income of capital nature yet the chief needed to consider them as the regular income. In any case, the court had given the reasult that it will be considered as the ordinary income as they are doing cultivating business as opposed to land offering business. [3] Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 In the above case, child got arrive from the father in connection to conveying the cultivating business however his business was not effective hence he subdivided the land and had sold the land yet had held some piece of the land with a specific end goal to complete the cultivating operations. Consequently the government court had given the judgment that the profit made on special of land won't be covered under section 25(1), as it is not conveying any operations to sale the land but rather had quite recently sold the land for realization of cash thus it won't be considered as income of ordinary nature. [11] Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The organization had procured land in the above case keeping in mind the end goal to sale the sand ashore however a letter was received from the administration which provided that they require the land to complete the mining operations and organization had questioned the land. In any case, after some time the land was sold by the organization and the organization fought that it won't be considered as ordinary income. However, the court had given the judgment that the organization needed to earn profit at a sale of land thus it turned into a critical action and it is not a pre prerequisite that profit earning ought to be the sole motivation behind any action subsequently the profit will be considered as a component of the ordinary income. [5] Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The above case comprises of the rancher which had acquired 5 squares of land keeping in mind the end goal to do the cultivating yet it had subdivided the land after a few years and the sold the pieces of land. The court had given the judgment that the profit will be taken as ordinary income as the agriculturist realized that it can do cultivating for a few years just and after that it will sle the land in necessity of the funds. Subsequently the offer of land was plan and accordingly it will be ordinary income. [13] McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The above case gave that a man had obtained an as of now built house yet had damaged the old house and had developed three new houses and he had likewise given different notices for sale of house. but due to any reason the sqale of house did not happen so they themselves utilized two houses for their private reason and had sold the third house at a gain of $150000 yet after some time they acquired new land keeping in mind the end goal to build house and had sold the new house as well. In this case the court had given the judgment that the sale of house was a business and repeating movement in this way the profit from sale of business will be considered as the ordinary income. [1] References: Davies J., 2016, McCurry Anor v FC of T; Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 Keith Harvey, Ambry Legal, 2008, Tax Basics Taxation CGT Aspects of Real Property Development; Available at: https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfmPaperDisplay=https://www.tved.net.au/PublicPapers/September_2008,_Tax_Basics,_Tax_Basics___Program_29___Taxation___CGT_Aspects_of_Real_Property_Development.html Australian Taxation Office, 1988, Statham Anor V. Federal Commission of Taxation; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?locid=%27JUD/89ATC4070%27PiT=99991231235958 Australian Taxation Office, 2009, Taxation Ruling: TR 2007/8W Registered Agricultural managed investment schemes; Available at:https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=TXR/TR20078/NAT/ATO/00001 Michael Flynn, 20xx, Distinguishing between Income and Capital Receipts A Search for Principle; Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlATax/1999/13.html Australian Taxation Office, 2016, Taxation Ruling: TR 92/3 Whether profits on isolated transactions are income; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Residency The resides test; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-resides-test/ Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Workout your residency status for tax purposes; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/ Joel Manyam, 2011, Taxation of gains from Banking and Insurance Businesses in New Zealand; Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1211context=rlj Atana Technologies Pty. Ltd., 2016, Subdivision of Land Income or Capital gains tax; Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_33265 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, ATO ID 2002/273 Income Tax: Sale of Subdivided farm land Income or capital gain?; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002273/00001 Atana Technologies Pty. Ltd., 2016, Income CGT subdivision and sale of land; Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_75779 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, ATO ID 2001/55 Deductions and Expenses: Loss on sale of property on subdivided land; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Taxation Ruling TR 98/17: Residency status of individuals entering Australia; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001 Neal Dallas, 2016, ATO Residency Tests; Available at: https://www.mcw.com.au/page/Publications/superannuation-law/ato-residency-test/ Australian Taxation Office, 2016, Taxation Ruling IT 2650: Residency permanent place of abode outside Australia; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001

Observation phase Essays - 2nd Millennium BC,

Observation phase Topic 1: Source: http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/cleopatra Notes: Cleopatra ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent for almost three decades. She became the last dynasty of Macedonian rulers who served alexander the great. Cleopatra was well-educated and very cleaver. She spoke multiple languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her co regencies She has a supposed exotic beauty with the powers of seduction. She is mostly remembered in history due to this myth Egypt grew in power and was more prosperous under her rule She had romantic liaisons and military alliances with roman leaders Topic 2: Akhenaten Source: http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/akhenaten.html Notes: Akhenaten is an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty He ruled Egypt for 17 years He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing a worship centre where they would worship one high status. Monotheism The worship centres, would worship a solar deity called Aten. He reign lasted five years following the policies of his father and the religious traditions of Egypt That year he under went a dramatic religious transformation changed his devotion from Amun to Aten for the next twelve years He is mostly known as the heretic king who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt. Topic 3: Hatshepsut Source: http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hatshepsut Notes: The name Hatshepsut means the foremost of Noble Ladies' She was the fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty. She was the second historically confirmed female Pharaoh. She came to the throne of Egypt 1478 BC. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III's father. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as very important to Egypt at the time of her rule She is viewed as most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. According to Egyptologist

Bioethics- Normal Character Analysis essays

Bioethics- Normal Character Analysis essays I found Normal to be compelling, engaging, and educational. I think the entire class enjoyed the movie, and it was definitely beneficial to watch in bioethics class, because an emotional connection to ones argument can be just as if not even more crucial and beneficial to an ethical situation as hard facts or detached analysis. Though I felt that all the characters in the film were powerful, complex and memorable, one character in particular that stood out to me was Patti-Ann, the pubescent teenage daughter of Roy, a man with gender dysphoria, and Irma, his confused but supportive wife. Patti-Ann was particularly interesting to me because she demonstrated the theme in the film that there is no such thing as a perfect gender condition, and that most people are, to an extent, confused about the roles that society imposes upon them based on their gender. Patti-Anns character was conflicted; both she and her father were struggling with particular gender issues in a small, rural, religious and socially conservative town. Though Patti-Ann lived and was born as a sexual female, she was a tomboy and expressed discomfort when her mother attempted to impose girlish behavior, clothing, and general feminine standards upon her. Patti claimed that she did not feel comfortable wearing bras, tight clothes, or skirts, and often tried to wear her fathers old clothes. This was ironic and must have been even more confusing to Patti-Ann, because at that time, her father was undergoing his own gender crisis and was getting rid of his old clothes in place of skirts and the type of clothes that Patti felt uncomfortable with. Near the beginning of the film, when Patti got her first period, she expressed disgust, depression and discomfort, a typical reaction for some girls, but one which especially resonated with Pattis character, a biological female who was uncomfortable with her body. ...

Pros and Cons of Debt Consolidation Loans

Pros and Cons of Debt Consolidation Loans What Is Debt Consolidation? Debt consolidation is primarily designed for unsecured debt (i.e. debt that is not secured by assets).  When you consolidate your debt, you take out a loan to pay off several other debts. This allows you to consolidate the money you owe into one payment.   Pros of Debt Consolidation There are many reasons why people consider debt consolidation. However, it is important to understand that there is no easy out when it comes to debt. Some of the bigger advantages of debt consolidation include: A debt consolidation loan could be attractive if you have multiple payments. Maybe you ran up your credit cards while you were in business school, or you have a number of high interest installment loans (student loans, car loan, etc.) A debt consolidation loan will allow you to roll all of these payments into one single payment. If you have an easier time making your payments, you might be able to avoid late fees, extra charges, and the bad credit that will inevitably result when you cant afford to pay regular bills.It may be possible to get a lower interest rate on a debt consolidation loan - or at least a rate that is lower than the current rates you are paying on your debt. Cons of Debt Consolidation For some people, debt consolidation may not be the answer. In fact, it could do further harm to your financial situation. You must consider all of the cons of debt consolidation before making any decisions. Some of the most common drawbacks include: Debt consolidation doesnt reduce debt, so a debt consolidation loan might not actually do anything to help your financial situation.  It can be really hard to find fair interest rates on debt consolidation loans. If the rate on your new loan isnt any better than the rate you pay on your current debt, consolidating your loans or credit card debt wouldnt make much sense.Debt consolidation can make debts more expensive and make it take longer to pay them off. Remember, when you consolidate debt, you still end up owing the same amount of money. The main difference is usually the length of the term. A longer term could just mean that you end up paying more money through interest in the long run. Use this debt consolidation calculator from Bankrate to crunch the numbers.If you work with a debt consolidation company, you dont take out a loan - you give them money each month and they pay your creditors. Debt consolidation companies are in the business of making money - and some of them are scammers - so you need to be careful about who you hire to help you with your debt problem. Should You Consolidate Debt? Debt consolidation isnt the best solution for everyone. It simply depends on your current financial situation. If you are trying to decide whether or not debt consolidation can help you save money, you should contact a financial professional who can help you crunch the numbers. You may also want to consider credit counseling from a nonprofit organization like the  National Foundation for Credit Counseling.

Classical Christology II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Classical Christology II - Essay Example This is evident as seen in the clarification of the meaning of one of the articles in the Nicene-Constanti-nopolitan Creed â€Å"he became flesh†¦ and was made man.† (Kereszty, 263). Early theologians therefore had a task of explaining how Jesus Christ could be the son of God; born to man and God himself at the same time. As seen in the article, Christians are taught to confess one and the same Son Jesus Christ who is same in divinity and humanity. Jesus Christ is thus truly God and truly man. We therefore need to acknowledge Jesus Christ in two natures (physis), that is the son and the same time God himself. This is Chalcedonian definition of the Trinity, which is rather a synthesis of some of the best elements in the Antiochene and Cyrillian tradition. The definition of the trinity has also been influenced by the western theology and doctrines of Tome of Flavian. Theologians of middle ages like Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153 AD), followed on the beliefs of the trinity and teachings of Jesus but shifted from the traditional view of redemption from Objective to Subjective (Kereszty, 267) Aside from the belief in Trinity, Christians also believe in eternity, which is life after death. This implies that humans believe that at the end there will be judgment, followed by punishment or reward at the end. This belief grew from the theology of the New Testament which based its origins on the death (crucifixion) of Christ (Kereszty, 269). This brings the question why crucifixion was necessary in the first place. In his great work Cur Deus Homo (why God became man), Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109 AD) raises the question why God became man (Kereszty, 272). This he does in an effort to explain why Jesus had to die for our sins. He further points out the importance of incarnation and the death of Jesus which was necessary to help preserve the order of the Universe given that humans had sinned. To explain meaning and

Best Buy Company Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Best Buy Company - Research Paper Example Market study helps the company understand business opportunities or failures. Best Buy is a multinational company that carries consumer electronic devices, appliances, mobile phones, and services. It has been successfully operating in all the states and territories of the United States since 1986 but has only started international operations in 2002. Today, it operates in Europe, Mexico, Canada and China under different brands. The company has achieved growth thru mergers and acquisitions, particularly in its international segments. Cost of goods sold is reportedly high in these areas since it entails a lot of maintenance costs. For the past 2 years sales and income have been declining in the international segments while US sales are flat. Business opportunities are seen in the global atmosphere, while opportunities for domestic remain in technology and services. Competitions are taking advantage of their presence in the internet and continue to earn higher income and profits. Amazon and eBay for instance re online retailers that earns high income from internet sales. The declining income of BBC is an eye opener to look if its present business strategies need to be reviewed and changed. Market Report on Best Buy Company I. ... Particularly, its goal is emphasized in its strategies: to increase market share, to attain international growth, increase efficiency and to connect to the world. 1.2 Products Best Buy’s stores sell the following items: Consumer electronics, home office, entertainment software, appliances, and services. Consumer electronics consist of video and audio products, TVs, and MP3 players. Home office products include personal computers, cell phones, cable and internet service plan. Entertainment software includes products such as video games, CDS, video games, and computer software. Technology, service and repair. Other segments that offers food and beverages. Source: United States SEC Best Buy Form 10-K Annual Report 1.3 Geographic location Company operates locally in all the states and territories of the United States, while its international scope consists of China, all of European territories, Mexico, and Canada. 1.4 Strategies Strategies that helped company grow are by acquisiti ons and expansion. The company was incorporated in 1966 with the name Sound of Music Inc. but changed name to Best Buy in 1983. From this beginning it has grown and expanded thru mergers and acquisitions that made an impact of its presence in electronics, entertainment and technological services in the United States. Organic growth began in 2009 when it took advantage of the bankruptcy of Circuit City to serve the market share of the electronics consumers of the industry which was left open by the bankrupt company (University of Oregon Investment Group , Jan 8, 2011 pdf). The international segment started in 2002 through acquisition of established brands in Canada. Its presence in China

The Ghosts of My Lai Essay Example for Free

The Ghosts of My Lai Essay Sometimes events in a person’s life can have dramatic effects long after the incident is over. If the problems are serious enough, psychological and mental imbalances can occur. Such is the case with John Wade. His participation in the My Lai massacre in Vietnam never leaves his consciousness. It haunts him in the forms of dreams and affects his self perception and behavior. Ultimately, it casts upon him the suspicion of murder. Throughout the details of John and Kathy’s days at the cabin, John’s nights are troubled by dreams of his time in Vietnam. He dreams of shooting his trenchmate and of other amorphous yet frightening memories. His lack of sleep and the anxiety these dreams cause haunt him during the day as well. His mutterings of â€Å"Kill Jesus† are a concise manifestation of this problem. Other than the dreams, John still internalizes his persona as a sorcerer. From his childhood, John turned to magic to make his problems disappear, or as he notes, â€Å"where he could turn bad things into good things and just be happy† (O’Brien 66). His father’s taunts at his weight and his father’s alcoholism were made easier to bear by his ability to perform tricks. When he goes to Vietnam, he internalizes his role as the magician even more and is given the nickname Sorcerer by his platoon mates. However, when he cannot make all the death and destruction disappear, the doubts begin to creep in. He accidentally kills one of his own men, makes him disappear, and this constantly affects him through dreams. Later, in the My Lai massacre, he adopts the name Sorcerer himself, perhaps as a way to disengage himself from the murders he was committing and from his ultimate crimes. Once home, he continues this need to control. He creeps around and spies on Kathy while she is at college, deriving a sordid feeling of power from this secrecy. He acknowledges that â€Å"The trick then was to be vigilant. He would guard his advantage. The secrets would remain secret – the things he’d seen, the things he’s done. He would repair what he could, he would endure, he would go from year to year without letting on that there were tricks† (O’Brien 46). It sounds as if John cannot separate his experience with death and fear in the war with his fear that his wife will somehow leave him. These feelings followed them throughout their lives, never letting up. Alcoholism also impeded upon their lives. He refuses psychiatric help. Infidelity and the ghosts of Vietnam eventually erupt to the surface, ruining John’s political career. He finds he has lost control of his life, and with the disappearance of his wife, of Kathy herself. At the end, he loses himself, leaving only speculation of what could have happened to his wife. The stress that Wade endured in Vietnam, particularly his role in the My Lai massacre, coupled with the dysfunction in his relationship with his father all led to a frightened but controlling husband in John Wade. The mystery continues.

A & P - John Updike :: essays research papers

Sammy vs. the Grocery Store In the story, â€Å"A & P†, John Updike differentiates the views of Sammy and the store with many eye-catching techniques. By presenting the store as the antagonist, the reader gains Sammy sense of view about things through his close detail and humor of situations. Well before the dramatic opportunity presents itself for Sammy to quit his job, his narrative voice has established his individualism, imagination and his subversive sense of humor that already set him at odds with his jobs dull routine. The three girls entering the store in bathing suits and â€Å"walking against the usual traffic† coming down the aisle symbolize Sammy’s individualism. Because of the girl’s different appearance from the usual shoppers in A & P, Sammy couldn’t help but stare. This type of dress was not part of the â€Å"A & P policy† especially since â€Å"the women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they get out of the car into the street†. An example of Sammy’s imagination is exemplified through his description of the other shoppers in A & P. Sammy refers to the shoppers as â€Å"sheep† twice in the story. Once as he views the customers continuing to push their carts down the aisle only glancing slightly at the girls and continuing to shop. Sammy â€Å"bets you could set off dynamite in an A & P and the people would by large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists and muttering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The second time is when the girls go to the check out lane and Lengel starts to explain the policy. â€Å"All this while, the customers had been showing up with their carts but, you know sheep, seeing a scene, they had all bunched up on Stokesie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sammy’s narration of the lady at the front counter presents an example of his defiant sense of humor. The phrases â€Å"a witch about fifty† and â€Å"if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem† demonstrates the intolerance Sammy has developed toward the â€Å"A & P policy†. The song Sammy hears by the register as he rings up a purchase represents his oddity from his jobs dull routine. A & P - John Updike :: essays research papers Sammy vs. the Grocery Store In the story, â€Å"A & P†, John Updike differentiates the views of Sammy and the store with many eye-catching techniques. By presenting the store as the antagonist, the reader gains Sammy sense of view about things through his close detail and humor of situations. Well before the dramatic opportunity presents itself for Sammy to quit his job, his narrative voice has established his individualism, imagination and his subversive sense of humor that already set him at odds with his jobs dull routine. The three girls entering the store in bathing suits and â€Å"walking against the usual traffic† coming down the aisle symbolize Sammy’s individualism. Because of the girl’s different appearance from the usual shoppers in A & P, Sammy couldn’t help but stare. This type of dress was not part of the â€Å"A & P policy† especially since â€Å"the women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they get out of the car into the street†. An example of Sammy’s imagination is exemplified through his description of the other shoppers in A & P. Sammy refers to the shoppers as â€Å"sheep† twice in the story. Once as he views the customers continuing to push their carts down the aisle only glancing slightly at the girls and continuing to shop. Sammy â€Å"bets you could set off dynamite in an A & P and the people would by large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists and muttering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The second time is when the girls go to the check out lane and Lengel starts to explain the policy. â€Å"All this while, the customers had been showing up with their carts but, you know sheep, seeing a scene, they had all bunched up on Stokesie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sammy’s narration of the lady at the front counter presents an example of his defiant sense of humor. The phrases â€Å"a witch about fifty† and â€Å"if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem† demonstrates the intolerance Sammy has developed toward the â€Å"A & P policy†. The song Sammy hears by the register as he rings up a purchase represents his oddity from his jobs dull routine.

Arizona Constitution and United States Constitution Essay

When the drafters of the Constitution of the Arizona, nary did they anticipate that the document they would produce would last over a hundred years, inclusive of two global conflicts, the new technologies of the space age and the social and cultural alterations in the United States (State Bar of Arizona, 2009). During the 1900’s, former United States President William Howard Taft went to the territory, as the future state was about to begin the process of accession to the Union (Arizona, 2009). In his statement to the settlers in the territory, Taft warned them not to tread the path that another recently admitted state, Oklahoma (Arizona, 2009). He told them to forego the adoption of such progressive policies such as initiatives and referendums (Arizona, 2009). But in the basic comparison of the state constitution and the United States Constitution, the primary factor is that in the Constitution of the United States, it prescribes limited powers, as contrasted to the state constitution, where there is a broad range of powers granted under their ambit (Arizona, 2009). Also, the Federal fundamental law lacks a provision for the police power initiative, or a â€Å"general welfare clause† (Arizona, 2009). State constitutions have that feature that enlarges the scope of the authority embedded in the state fundamental law (Arizona, 2009). The Federal Constitution does however have more far reaching scope in its laws and provisions, as the state laws are only applicable to the domain of the state (Arizona, 2009). In the shorter Federal law, the powers are mentioned whereas the state declares both powers and the limitation of the powers (Arizona, 2009). The similarities of the state and Federal range in the mention of the structure of government, the branches of government, and the democratic processes available to the citizens to instigate an atmosphere of accountability to the citizenry and society at large.

James Baldwin “Language is a key political instrument”

Imagine this, you are from a small town in Alabama, but you have Just moved to New Jersey. You have a deep southern accent and you use words like â€Å"Yall. † People are going to automatically think that you're a redneck, which probably means that you live in a trailer, you hunt deer as a hobby, you live on a farm, and moonshine is your favorite drink. They will treat you according to the way that they think you are, only because they don't understand the way you speak.Because both of you are from a different part of the United States their way of speaking English is different from ours, which makes the way you speak unique to you and your identity. In Baldwin's essay, he is saying that the manner in which you speak, will determine how people treat you. I agree, people will make assumptions about you based on your choice of words, accent, or vocabulary.In order to conform to this harsh reality people evolve a new language in order to control their circumstances and/or environ ment. Black English originated during slavery, when the slaves were brought to America they were all from different tribes; therefore they did not speak the same language. In order to survive and to understand each other, they evolved a language of their own.In England people can tell what kind of person you are, where you're from, and if you're wealthy Just by listening to your diction. A person living in Paris cannot understand what a person from Quebec is saying even though they speak the same language (French. ) I do believe that language is the key to a person's identity. Your grammar, language, etc. will determine how you are treated and if you will be accepted in the society that you are in.

The Dangers of Non-metals to the Environment Essays

The Dangers of Non-metals to the Environment Essays The Dangers of Non-metals to the Environment Paper The Dangers of Non-metals to the Environment Paper Among the most harmful and dangerous non-metal compounds are nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These can cause devastating effects to human beings, plants, animals and the environment. Metals are generally less harmful, although lead is extremely toxic. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas. It has a very bad smell, often identified in rotten eggs and stink bombs. Hydrogen sulfide interferes with cellular respiration. If inhaled, Hydrogen Sulfide combines with Mongolia in the bodies of human beings and other mammals. Mongolia is the substance in blood which carries oxygen to tissues. In combining with the hemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide prevents the transportation of oxygen. Without oxygen, people cannot live. Although hydrogen sulfide is very foul smelling, it can quickly paralyses the sense of smell, overcome the victim, and cause death. Alt also causes irritation of mucous membrane in the eyes and respiratory tract. Carbon Monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless. People breathing it usually fall asleep without realizing they are poisoned. It prevents hemoglobin from supplying oxygen to the body. This may prove to be fatal. Carbon monoxide is produced when substances containing carbon are burned without oxygen present. Car engines and decaying swamp gas produce it. Continual exposure may lead to heart disease. Acid rain is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. Rain, snow, sleet, or other wet precipitation that is polluted by sulfuric acid and nitric acid can harm lakes, rivers and streams relied, killing fish and wildlife. It damages bridges, buildings, statues by eroding them. High concentrations may harm forests and soil. When carbon dioxide is in excess, it allows to much sunlight to reach the atmosphere, producing the greenhouse effect. This stimulates significant climatic changes, which may lead to flooding, disrupted weather patterns, and destruction to plants and animals. Too many UP rays can damage peoples skin, and even cause sunstroke.

The Lucky Dragon and the Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test

The Lucky Dragon and the Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test On March 1, 1954, the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) set off a thermonuclear bomb on the Bikini Atoll, part of the Marshall Islands in the equatorial Pacific. The test, called Castle Bravo, was the first of a hydrogen bomb and proved the largest nuclear explosion ever initiated by the United States. In fact, it was much more powerful than American nuclear scientists had predicted. They expected a four- to six-megaton explosion, but it had an actual yield equivalent to more than 15 megatons of TNT. As a result, the effects were much more widespread than predicted. Castle Bravo blew an enormous crater into the Bikini Atoll, still clearly visible in the northwest corner of the atoll on satellite images. It also sprayed radioactive contamination across an enormous area of the Marshall Islands and the Pacific Ocean downwind from the detonation site, as the  fallout map indicated. The AEC had created an exclusion perimeter of 30 nautical miles for U.S. Navy vessels, but the radioactive fallout was dangerously high as far out as 200 miles. The AEC had not warned vessels from other nations to stay out of the exclusion area. Even if it had, that would not have helped the Japanese tuna fishing boat Daigo Fukuryu Maru, or Lucky Dragon 5, which was 90 miles from Bikini at the time of the test. It was the Lucky Dragons very bad fortune on that day to be directly downwind from Castle Bravo. Fallout on the Lucky Dragon At 6:45 a.m. on March 1, the 23 men aboard the Lucky Dragon had their nets deployed and were fishing for tuna. Suddenly, the western sky lit up as a fireball seven kilometers (4.5 miles) in diameter shot up from Bikini Atoll. At 6:53 a.m., the roar of the thermonuclear explosion rocked the Lucky Dragon. Unsure what was happening, the crew from Japan decided to continue fishing. Around 10 a.m., highly radioactive particles of pulverized coral dust began to rain down on the boat. Realizing their peril, the fishermen began to pull in the nets, a process that took several hours. By the time they were ready to leave the area, the Lucky Dragons deck was covered with a thick layer of fallout, which the men cleared away with their bare hands. The Lucky Dragon quickly set off for its home port of Yaizu, Japan. Almost immediately, the crew began to suffer from nausea, headaches, bleeding gums, and eye pain, symptoms of acute radiation poisoning. The fishermen, their catch of tuna, and the Lucky Dragon 5 herself were all severely contaminated. When the crew reached Japan, two top hospitals in Tokyo quickly admitted them for treatment. Japans government contacted the AEC for more information about the test and the fallout, to help with treatment of the poisoned fishermen, but the AEC stonewalled them. In fact, the U.S. government initially denied that the crew had radiation poisoning - a very insulting response to Japans doctors, who knew better than anyone on Earth how radiation poisoning presented in patients, following their experiences with the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings less than a decade earlier. On September 23, 1954, after six months of agonizing illness, the Lucky Dragons radio operator Aikichi Kuboyama died at the age of 40. The U.S. government would later pay his widow approximately $2,500 in restitution. Political Fallout The Lucky Dragon Incident, coupled with the atomic bombings of Japans cities in the closing days of World War II, led to a powerful anti-nuclear movement in Japan. Citizens opposed the weapons not only for their capacity to destroy cities  but also for smaller dangers such as the threat of radioactively contaminated fish entering the food market. In the decades since, Japan has been a world leader in calls for disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, and Japanese citizens turn out in large numbers for memorials and rallies against nuclear weapons to this day. The 2011 ​Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant meltdown has re-energized the movement  and helped expand anti-nuclear sentiment against peacetime applications as well as weaponry.

Gothic Era and Neo-Gothic Exhibit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gothic Era and Neo-Gothic Exhibit - Essay Example The display will be divided into two. The first is composed of the works of Gothic Art in Europe and the second is the Neo-Gothic or Gothic Revival works or architecture in United States. The reason why such artworks of Europe and America were showcased is because it was in Europe where the movement for Gothic Style started. The Americans, on the other hand, were traditionalists or conservatives and it took years before the Gothic style was adapted in the country. Gothic Art Gothic Art includes architecture, painting, sculpture and even music that started in France as a medieval movement. This movement from the Romanesque era to Gothic as well as Gothic to Renaissance was a stand point and marking of changes in periods in media. The Gothic era is considered a radical movement from the classical Roman Empire Culture. What is noted for this era is that it did not have any relation to the Goths. Gothic Art and Architecture Architecture during the Gothic era is considered one of the most significant and original art forms. An example of the earliest Gothic sculptures which is said to be a revolution in style is the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1145). Gothic style is characterized by verticality of structures or high buildings and light. This appearance includes the following features: grouped columns, flying buttresses and corrugated vaults. The Gothic architecture are mostly depicted in castles, town halls, fortresses and cathedrals. Gothic Works of Art EUROPE One of the finest Gothic Structure is the Chartres Cathedral. The Chartres Cathedral is almost perfectly preserved. Its architecture only went through minor changes since the 13th century. It is noted that majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact (www.touropia.com, 10 Gothic Cathedrals of Medieval Europe). It took 140 years for The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore to be completed. This church was built in Gothic style and known as one of Florence’s most beautiful cathedrals and symbol of the city. The external design of the church is made of polychrome marble panels in color green and pink surrounded by white. This very beautiful church is one of the largest in Italy and the dome is the largest in the world. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore remains to be largest brick dome in the world (www.touropia.com, 10 Gothic Cathedrals of Medieval Europe). The Gothic Revival and the Conservative America Years after the Gothic period rose the era characterized by Victorian style on which details from Gothic Cathedrals and other medieval architecture were revived. In early twentieth century, Gothic Revival ideas were applied to skyscrapers. These twentieth Century Gothic Revival buildings are most commonly called Neo-Gothic. It was in early 1800’s when the recognition Gothic Architectural Revival surge. All throughout the entire United States, New York’s second Trinity Church was only one major building constructed that used Gothic Style. America remained relatively conservative in architecture thus any new styles have hard time gaining a hold. Gothic architecture took years to reach popularity of which it was capable of. If not because of the growing relationship of the United States with England, Gothic would not have gained a foothold in America. The Americans accepted the style because of the symbolisms behind it (Powell 1995). The United States is considered to have always been a melting pot of different cultures due to migration of people

Shoes manufacturer Skills Footwear in Sri Lanka Dissertation

Shoes manufacturer Skills Footwear in Sri Lanka - Dissertation Example g the employees 12 2.2.3.4 Ensure employee satisfaction 12 2.2.3.5 Consult stakeholders 13 2.3 Motivational theories 13 2.3.1 Maslow’s need Hierarchy 14 2.3.1.1Safety needs 15 2.3.1.2 Social needs 15 2.3.1.3 Esteem needs 15 2.3.1.4 Self-actualization 16 2.3.2 Adam’s Equity Theory 16 2.3.3 Vroom’s Expectation Theory 17 2.3.4 Two Factor Theories-McGregor 17 2.3.5 Balanced scorecard 18 2.3.5.1 Meeting the demand and production level 19 2.4 Types of Motivation 21 2.4.1 Intrinsic motivation 21 2.4.2 Extrinsic Motivation 21 2.5. Incentives 22 2.5.1 Financial Incentives 23 2.5.2 Non-financial incentives 23 2.6 The Ansoff Matrix 24 2.6.1 New product development 25 Chapter 3 –Methodology 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Role of the researcher 26 3.3 Research design 28 3.4 Sampling 29 3.5 Conducting the research 29 3.6 The questionnaire method 30 3.7 The questionnaire design 31 3.8 Data types 32 3.9 Data collection procedure 33 3.10 Trustworthiness of the methodology 33 3 .10.1 Reliability 33 3.10.2 Validity 34 3.10.3 Ethical validity 34 3.10.4 Generalized validity 34 Chapter 4 Data Analysis and discussion 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Descriptive statistics 35 4.3 Employees Relationship Management and employees satisfaction (ES)38 4.4 internal business environment (IBE) and employees satisfaction (ES)43 4.5 Extrinsic motivators factors (Ext_Fac)Â  and employees satisfaction (ES)47 4.6 Discussion 50 Chapter 5 5.1 Introduction 51 5.1.2 Conclusion 51 5.2 Recommendations 59 5.2.1 Introduction 59 5.2.2 Motivation to the employees 59 5.2.3 financial motivation 60 5.2.3.1 financial incentives 60 5.2.3.2 Creativity and new product development 60 5.2.3.3 highest production level reward 60 5.2.3.4 Incentives for non-absenteeism 61 5.2.4 Non-financial motivators 61 5.2.4. 1 Organizational... The intention of this study is Skills Footwear & Co. that was established in 1980 and has the core business of manufacturing men’s footwear products for the local market. The firm was very successful primarily due to its competitive edge of the exemplary quality, competitively priced products and sustainable volumes of the products produced. Moreover, according to Lloyd the firm’s competitive advantage was its skilled labor and workmanship as the products were fully handmade. The organization had a total of 110 employees who reported to their middle level managers who reported to the entrepreneur thus having a comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. The operational level workers were on daily wages, which were the industry average rates. The management however received monthly wages. The Sri Lankan shoe industry has a total of 30 medium scaled and 3000 small-scaled manufacturers. The industry produces a wide range of shoes from canvas, sports and leather shoes and is also exporting finished products to EU and USA. As per a research done by the Development of Board Sri Lanka, the shoe industry witnessed a decline from 2007 onwards but the 2010 witnessed a surge in the export market due to the growth in the local tourist sector. However, the workforce in the industry is an issue. This is because the firm is making shoes completely by hand. But this is a difficult task and most firms have not incorporated technology into the process of production, which is not very lucrative for the workmen.

Big Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's Essay

Big Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's - Essay Example The main industries, steel, mining, sugar, transportation, agriculture, ship-building, wine etc., were under monopoly control in all states before the new initiative which came at the beginning of the 20th century. Under conditions approximating pure competition, price was set in the marketplace. Price tended to be just enough above costs to keep marginal producers in business. Thus, from the point of view of the price setter, the most important factor was costs. If a producer's cost floor was below the prevailing market price, the product would be produced and sold. Since the producer in such a market had little discretion over price, the pricing problem was essentially whether or not to sell at the market price. Monopoly steel industry and sugar production was closely connected with nature of competition and inability of competitors to introduce new competitive products to the market. While costs and demand conditions circumscribe the price floor and ceiling, competitive conditions helped to determine where within the two extremes the actual price should be set. Reaction of competitors was the crucial consideration imposing practical limitations on pricing alternatives (Slichter 1948). During the 1800's, 'natural monopolies' existed in some industries. ... More specifically, a cartel was a voluntary association of producers of a commodity or product organized for the purpose of coordinated marketing that was aimed at stabilizing or increasing the members' profits. A cartel was engage in price-fixing, restriction of production or shipments, division of marketing territories, centralization of sales. Many small companies had the right and obligation to take action that protected and fostered the prosperity of the businesses, but they followed 'silent market and ethical rules' which helped them to compete (Witzel, 2003). While costs and demand conditions circumscribed the price floor and ceiling, competitive conditions created by monopolies helped to determine where within the two extremes the actual price should be set. For instance, if accompany set high price reaction of competitors and buyers was often the crucial consideration imposing practical limitations on pricing. Such behavior considered unethical and was discouraged by partner s and buyers (Hansen, 1957). There were times when a company in such a competitive structure ignored competitive prices. Such activities were also discouraged and eliminated which opened new opportunities for rivals. In addition, poor market performance was also considered as a restraint on competition and the main cause of monopolies (Witzel, 2003). The transport sector brought with it all kinds of difficulties, not least the highly regionalized nature of provision, the large amounts of money invested in existing grid systems and the obligation of local authorities to secure transport provision. Subsidized production of coal and ore, overcapacity and cheap

Personality defined as a consistent behavior pattern

Personality defined as a consistent behavior pattern What is Personality? Figure : Six approaches to PersonalityPersonality can be defined as consistent behavior pattern and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual (Burger, 2008, p. 4). But this being said, there is no single answer how to describe human personality. Personality theorists have different ideas and point out different ways to explain personality. According to Burger (2008) there are six general approaches, which all provides a different focus for explaining personality and the differences in people`s behavior. Burger (2008) identified the psychoanalytic approach, the trait approach, the biological approach, the humanistic approach, the behavioral approach, and the cognitive approach (p. 5). Each approach has been developed by different psychologists, who display different theories about the differences in the way people behave. From this theory researchers branch hypothesis and collect data that either support or do not support the hypothesis and their theory (Burger, 2008, p.5). Within the framework of this final enclosure I will only dwell on theories of the psychoanalytic approach, the trait approach, and humanistic approach. Approaches and Theories The Psychoanalytic Approach The psychoanalytic approach concentrates on the people`s unconscious minds, which are primary accountable for important differences in their behavior pattern (Burger, 2008, p. 5).That means, that people`s behavior is affected by past experiences that are left in people`s unconscious mind. People are not aware of these minds. In common the psychoanalytic approach places a huge emphases on these unconscious processes in order to explain human behavior. The Freudian Theory of Personality Freud Discovers the Unconscious Sigmunf Freud developed the first widespread theory of personality and psychoanalysis. After working with hypnosis to help patients suffering from hytsteria, Freud realized the huge impact of unconscious minds on human behavior (Burger, 2008, p. 68). As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of many factors that cause their behavior and emotions. These unconscious factors have the capability to produce unhappiness. This unhappiness could be expressed through noticeable symptoms, which can includes worrying personality nature, difficulty in social relationships or unrest in self-esteem. To get at the unconscious minds of a person, Freudian psychologists use projective tests, free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to bring the unconscious source of the client`s problems into awareness (Burger, 2008, p. 69). According to Freud`s topographic model, human personality can be parceled into conscious (thoughts people are aware of), preconscious (thoughts, that can be brought into awareness with little difficulty) and unconscious (is the material, to which people are unaware and have no immediate access) parts (Burger, 2008, pp. 44-45). Freud also generated the structural model which divides personality in id (selfish part, concerned only with satisfying personal desires; totally unconscious), ego (to satisfy id impulses, but in a manner that takes into consideration realities of the situation; partly conscious) and superego (represents moral, values and standards; totally conscious). Regarding to Freud, a healthy personality is one in which the ego controls the id impulses and superego demand (Burger, 2008, pp. 45-47). Application to business environment Freud`s theory of subconscious playes an important role in business environment for example by doing marketing and advertsing measures as well as by designing and producing consumer`s products. According to Zaltman (2003) the subconscious mind of the market`s consumer is the place where most purchasing decisions are made. The marketers have to understand the consumer`s thinking, behavior and attitudes in order to satisfy the consumer`s desires and needs. One-on-one interviews that are enriched by using various techniques from clinical psychology and sociology can bear further insights into unconscious consumer thinking, which can for example help to identify new product opportunities (Zaltman, 2003). The cognitive unconscious involves memory, attention, information processing, the nature of human universals, and socially shared cognitions. Zaltman patented 1995 the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET), a market research tool by using interviews and analysis to uncover the re levant fundamental structures that guide peoples thinking about a topic. (Wikipedia, 2010). Associations of consumers can be effectively identified and then used in advertising and marketing measures to help marketers communicate more effectively to consumers about a brand, product, or topic. Because of the global market and the increasing competition it is more and more important to understand the consumer`s behavior and needs. Relating to Zaltman (2003), therefore the marketers have to acquire advanced knowledge about consumer`s behavior and their unconscious minds in order to use this knowledge to benefit consumers. The Freudian Theory of Defense Mechanisms According to Freud ´s theory of a healthy personality the ego tries to find compromises between the unconscious id impulse and conscious superego demand. Therefore the ego often uses defense mechanism to deal for example with unwanted thoughts or desires as well as to reduce or avoid anxiety by keeping this material out of consciousness (Burger, 2008, p. 68). Freud`s defense mechanism, in order to cope with these unwanted thoughts, desires or anxiety, are for example repression (threatening material is pushed by the ego out of consciousness), sublimation (threatening unconscious impulse are channeled into socially acceptable action), displacement (channeling impulse to nonthreatening objects), denial (refusing to accept, that facts exist), reaction formation (acting in a manner opposite to the unconscious desires), intellectualization (considering something in a intellectual unemotional manner to bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety), and projection (projecti ng impulse onto another person) (Burger, 2008, pp 48-50). According to Burger (2008, p. 78) Freud identified the defense mechanism repression as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis. Investigators measure defense mechanisms by interpreting responses to Rorschach inkblots, stories, Thematic Apperception Test, picture cards (Burger, 2008, pp. 79-80) Application to business environment Also in the business environment defense mechanism play an important role. Day to day Managers and employees try to satisfy their needs for example achievement, job satisfaction, responsibility, self-esteem and self-actualization. They also try to avoid situations, in which they feel dissatisfied, threaten, unhappy, depressed, weak or anxious. Managers and employees use defense mechanism, which we are not aware of, in order to manipulate unlikely situation to feel satisfied, productive, respected and accepted. (Schaffer, 1971). Schaffer (1971) identified one of the most common defense mechanism of managers doing all I can in these circumstances illusion. He argues, that most of the managers place a deferral around their own possible cause of action. Within in this borderline, they see themselves as doing everything they can. Managers often see limitation in their scope of initiative because of unmotivated and unqualified employees. Needed improvements are always the job of another manager or employee (Schaffer, 1971). In this way, Manger cope with their fear of failure and uneasiness and use defense mechanism in order to reach their goals. Schaffer (1971) also suggested that managers keep themselves comfortable by keeping busy to avoid doubts about themselves and how things are going. Neo Freudian Theories Freud`s Psychoanalytic Society, as the oldest and most famous approach to explaining human personality, generated a lot of new theories, which retained the unconscious as a key factor to understand different behavior styles. These neo-Freudians mostly agree with Freudian concepts, but they also went on to develop their own theories, in which they pick up the failures of Freud`s Theory like his emphasis on instinctual over social influences and the generally negative picture he painted of human nature. (Burger, 2008, pp. 99) Alfred Adler: Striving for Superiority Alfred Adler concentrated on the concept of striving for superiority to explain differences in human`s behavior and motivation. He argued, that at the beginning of every psychological life is a feeling of inferiority and helplessness, which a person lifelong tries to overcome. Everything a person does, occurs on this struggle in order to establish a sense of superiority over life`s obstacles. (Burger, 2008, pp. 101-102) Adler differed from Freud in the way how he described human motivation. Freud identified, that human behavior is motivated by life/sexual and death/aggressive instincts, whereas Adler identified this striving for superiority as an overall motivational factor (Burger, 2008, p. 101). Application to business environment Regarding to Adler, the reason why we work hard or try to achieve a position of power, is the human`s desire for striving for superiority or success. Due to this fact, Adler saw business success as an expression of superiority striving. He argued, that, the more inferior humans see themselves, the stronger their striving for superiority, which push them to become successful (Burger, 2008, p. 102). Adler also suggested, that successful business people reach a sense of superiority and success through their performances, but only if they achieve their goals with observance for cooperate social responsibility (CSR) and welfare (Burger, 2008, p. 102). Success means to provide consumers with a good product at a fair price that will make everyone`s life a little happier (Burger, 2008, p. 102). This can also involve every kind of CSR activities for example paying employees a fair salary, providing good and safe working conditions, using safe and eco-friendly production and transportation systems, stewardship of available resources, avoiding discrimination as well as unfair competition. In contrast poorly adjusted people express their striving for superiority through selfishness and a concern for personal glory at the expense of others (Burger, 2008, p. 102). Alfred Adler: Birth Order Adler also put their emphasis on the role of birth order in forming personality. He argued that firstborn children differ in their behavior and personality from middle-born and lastborn children (Burger, 2008, p. 103). Relating to Adler problem children, neurotics, criminals, drunkards and perverts are mostly firstborns, as a result of less attention and less pampering by their parents, after a sibling was born. In the opposite middle-born children develop a strong superiority striving, because they are always used to have another sibling and they are never granted the luxury of being pampering. Adler believed, that lastborn children are pampered throughout their whole childhood, which can lead to a high dependency from others and a strong feeling of inferiority (Burger, 2008, p. 104). In common the middle-born children were the most achieving and were less vulnerable to psychological dysfunction than the firstborns or lastborns (Burger, 2008, p. 127). Application to business environment Nowadays there are widespread beliefs in science and economy, that birth order is an important determinant of personality, intelligence, and economic success. Ben Dattner , a professor and notable consultant in New York, argued, that sibling dynamics play an important role in how you sell yourself in the workplace, based on the time, attention, love and resources your parents devoted to you (as cited in Bolch, 2007). According to Dattner, firstborn children are likely extroverted and confident, but they are also worried about losing their position or intrigue and stave off failings and mistakes. He argued, that middle-born children are likely diplomatic, are good at negotiation and are very peace-loving persons, who are closer to friends than to family. In his eyes, the most achieving-orientated are the only children, who are always trying to acknowledge their parents` forecasts and requirements. (Bolch, 2007). Scher, the CEO of a marketing services company, argued, that they found out, that a lot of their best employees were lastborn children, who could negotiate and knew how to communicate (as cited in Bolch, 2007). But finally, the common perception is, that the birth order could have a impact on human`s personality and behavior , but there are any more various factors, which have an huge impact on a person`s development or business success. For example gender, culture, socioeconomic factors, divorces, remarriages and so on (Bolch, 2007). Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious According to Carl Jung, all human inherit basically the same unconscious material (from past generations) and psychic characteristics, which Jung called the collective unconscious (Burger, 2008, p. 105).This collective unconscious houses primordial images, called archetypes. The most interesting archetypes are the anima (the feminine side of the male), the animus (the masculine side of the female) and the shadow (contains the negative and dark side of human`s personality) (Burger, 2008, p. 106). Jung argued, that there are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life (as cited in Burger, 2008, p.106). He described these archetypes as a certain answer to the world and it`s situations (Burger, 2008, p. 106). Application to business environment Richardson (2007) focused on the power of Jungian hero archetypes in consumer brand building. He argued, that the archetypes are a powerful tool for mass marketing and brand building and which are successfully used to influence human behavior through story telling in the form of myths (Richardson, 2007). This could help to sell and advertise a company`s products and services in order to create brand recognition and loyal customers. Richardson (2007) argues, that increasing competition is the reason why companies concentrated on consumer`s unconsciousness and their archetypes in order to analyze and influence consumer`s behavior and attitudes. For example, Marlboro used the archetypical hero, the Marlboro Man, to advertise their cigarettes. As a result, Marlboro was ranked as the worlds No. 1 most valuable brand, which clearly supported the power of hero-archetype advertising and drove competitors to try to employ archetypes as well (Richardson, 2007). Erik Erikson: Personality Development through Life Cycle Erikson argued, that personality development persists through a person`s lifetime (Burger, 2008, p. 111). He defined eight stages, all people have to go through. At each stage people are faced with a crisis and two different ways (one is intelligent and suitable, the other not) to cope with the crisis (Burger, 2008, p. 111). The way we pass through each crisis, influences and determines the rout of march of our personality development and how we cope with later crisis.(Burger, 2008, p. 111).According to Erikson a person`s life cycle started from infancy to old age. C:UsersTanjaDesktopErik Erikson.bmp Figure : Erikson`s Eight Stages of Development (Burger, 2008, p.112) When a person complete a stage successfully, this could lead to a healthy personality with good social skills. Failure could result in a disorder of personality and could reduce the ability to cope with later crisis (Burger, 2008, p. 112). Application to business environment Erik Erikson`s personality development through life cycle is also applicable to career development in business. According to Munley (1977) Eriksons theory helps to understand the developmental nature of job-related behavior. He argues, that the development of basic senses of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity all seem to be especially relevant to career development behavior (Munley, 1977, p. 263). Erikson analyzed the crisis of the ego identity at the adolescence stage, which inherits a human`s conscious about who he is and where he is going. According to Munley (1977), Erikson recognized the huge impact of occupational choice as a part of the identity crisis. He argues, that most of the young people are confused by the irresolution to choose an occupational identity (Munley, 1977). A person without a sense of identity and the conscious how he fits into society may likely be unable in terms of job-related choice and career decision making. In the opposite a person with a strong sense of ego identity will be more able to make suitable vocational decisions and choices in order to become successful in business world (Munley, 1977). Karen Horney: Feminine Psychology Karen Horney argued, that differences in men`s and women`s personality are the consequences of cultural and social factors (Burger, 2008, p, 116). According to Freud`s theory, young girl likely has the desire to have penis in their latency stage, which inherits feelings of inferiority and jealously because of its absence (Burger, 2008, p. 54). In respond to this penis envy, Horney identified the concept of womb envy, which is the men`s jealously of women`s ability to bear and nurse children, which men try to compensate by becoming successful in other domains (Burger, 2008, p. 120). Application to business environment Relating to Horney, there are attributes of men and women, which the other sex admires (Burger, 2008, p. 120). She also argued, that society often placed women in inferior positions, which could be the reason, why some women wish to be a men (Burger, 2008, p. 120). Even though, nowadays society, labor market, business environment and law seem to treat men and women equally, discrimination against women still exists. According to a study of Johnson et al. (2010), beautiful women were discriminated against when applying for high-level job positions for example a manager, director or leader position, which are almost identified as masculine jobs. Johnson et. al (2010) argued, that attractive women are always preferred in feminine sex-typed jobs, which inherits for example higher salary and better performance evaluations. But in return, there are still men dominated and masculine sex-typed jobs, in which women are still disadvantaged (Johnson et al., 2010). Aggression and Frustration Freud was the first psychologist, who focused on the association between frustration and aggression (Burger, 2008, p. 137). He identified aggression as a consequence of frustrated instincts. According to Freud all of the persons have an instinctual desire to destroy themselves, whereby the instinct is turned outward towards others (Burger, 2008, p.137). Later, based on Freud`s original position, the frustration-aggression hypothesis was created by a team of psychologists. They argued, that aggression is always a consequences of frustration and frustration will always leads to some form of aggression (Burger, 2008, p. 137). Relating to Burger (2008) frustration can often effect indirect aggression. Freud argued, that people usual displace their (indirect) aggression against some harmless target in order to deal with their aggression or feelings of frustration (Burger, 2008, pp. 137-138). The frustration-aggression hypothesis was largely analyzed in various studies, which for example f ond out, that frustrated people were more aggressively than non-frustrated people or that unpleasant emotions increased aggression (Burger, 2008, pp. 138-141). As a result new models of frustration-aggression hypothesis were created, which expressed, that frustration does not always result in aggression (Burger, 2008, p. 141). Application to business environment Nowadays, the relationship between frustration and aggression can be seen in various social contexts. Neuman Baron (1997) for example analyzed the impact of aggression in workplace. They described aggression as a harm-doing pattern, which includes psychological and physical injury (Neuman Baron, 1997).They categorized eight types of workplace aggression (Neuman Baron, 1997). C:UsersTanjaDesktopaggression 1.JPGC:UsersTanjaDesktopaggression2.JPG Figure : Eight Types of Workplace Aggression (Neuman Baron, 1997, p. 40) Neuman Baron (1997) identified for example destruction of machinery and goods, work slowdowns, passing on defective work and intentionally misplacing of important paperwork as acts of sabotage in the workplace. Reasons for workplace aggression can be worker frustration (because of unfair salary or mobbing, downsizing and increasing number of part time jobs), stress and emotional disturbance (Neuman Baron, 1997). In order to cope with workplace aggression Neuman Baron (1997) suggested different tactic for example (1) creating procedures to select potentially aggressive employees, (2) punishing aggressive employees, (3) developing strategies to reduce feelings of frustration and injustice and (4) providing training programs, which involves improving employee`s social skills, providing coping strategies and alternatives to aggression. The Trait Approach According to Burger, the researchers of this approach focus on a spectrum of different personality characteristics (Burger, 2008, p. 5). The trait approach argues, that each person fits into a personality category, which inherits a certain pattern of behavior, that differs from the behavior of other categories (Burger, 2008, p. 155). Henry Murray`s Psychogenic Needs Henry Murray analyzed and explained human personality by focusing on psychogenic needs, which he described as a readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given conditions ( as cited in Burger, 2008, p. 161). Relating to Carl Jung, Murray argued, that this personal hierarchy of needs mainly exists in human`s unconsciousness (Burger, 2008, p. 161). C:UsersTanjaDesktopUnbenannt.JPG C:UsersTanjaDesktopUnbenannt2.JPG Figure : Murray`s Psychogenic Needs (Ewen, 1980) Application to business environment Murray`s theory of psychogenic needs is quite useful in order to motivate employees. According to Gray (1998), the most important motivational factor for small business owners and self-employees are their strong sense of autonomy and independency. He found out, that the need for independency is the main reason for new business owners to start up their business (Gray 1998, p. 137). Gray (1998) also analyzed the motivational impact of the need for achievement on manager`s behavior, performance and success. He also identified achievement as a multidimensional factor in the term of managerial characteristics, which involves for example work ethic, pursuit excellence, social status and respect as well as dominance, competitiveness, acquisitiveness and mastery (Gray, 1998, p.134). The Big Five The Big Five model describes five dimensions of personality, which are used to explain human`s personality and differences in human`s behavior. The Big Five model is based on Raymond Cattell`s effort to describe the basic dimensions of personality by analyzing data from different sources with factor analyses (Burger, 2008, p. 165). According to Burger (2008) different teams of researchers found, via factor analysis, the evidence for five basic dimensions of personality (Burger, 2008, p.165). This model is a descriptive model for personality, which involves the most common used dimensions (1) Neuroticism, (2) Extraversion, (3) Openness, (4) Agreeableness and (5) Conscientiousness (Burger, 2008, pp. 165-167). Burger (2008) argued, that although people may identify personality as if all traits can be clustered to five dimensions, the Big Five model may not exactly capture the complexities and intricacies of human personality (Burger, 2008, p. 169). Application to business environment Employers realized the importance of personality testes for hiring and promoting employees. By using the five larger personality dimensions, employer try to analyze the relationship of employee`s personality and job performance. Researchers identified the factor Conscientiousness under the Big Five factors as the best predictor of job performance (Burger, 2008, p. 175). According to Burger (2008) high conscientious employees are likely careful, thorough, well organized, hardworking, persistent and achievement-orientated. People with these attribute tend to become a good and diligent employee. Type A, Hostility and Health Medical professionals identified the Type A Type B behavior pattern by noticing that the behavior of heart attack patients differ from other patient`s behavior (Burger, 2008, p. 201). Typical Type A persons are high achievement-orientated, energetic and powerful, attracted to competition, easily aroused to anger and action and don ´t like wasting time. In return Type B people are relaxed and unhurried, don`t like to seek competition or to be aroused to anger or action (Burger, 2008, p. 202). Type A primary differ from Type B in various behavior tendencies for example the sense of achievement striving, time urgency and hostility. The most significant component of Type A people is their expression of frustration through anger and hostility (Burger, 2008, p. 202). Investigators argued, that high-anger and high-hostility patients are fortified hit by high blood pressure, heart and cardiovascular disease (Burger, 2008, pp. 204- 205). But according to Burger (2008) Type A persons are not necessarily unhealthy, if they are able not to be dragged down by minor rebounds and little frustrations (Burger, 2008, p. 206). Application to business environment A Manger`s working day is filled with various numbers of appointments, meetings, phone-calls, negotiations, responsibility and decision makings. Managers wake up early and they mostly have no time to eat or sleep. They are full of energy, high-achievement orientated, enjoy power and recognition and are strongly motivated to overcome obstacles. These are all characteristics of a Type A personality (Burger, 2008, pp. 201-203). Larson (2009) also mentioned in his article How personality can influence success the following characteristics of Type A personality: always in a hurry, multi-tasking, teeth grinding, tendency to interrupt, fast eater, talker, frequently lose sleep, aggressiveness, inability to relax. He argued, that Type As seem to be strong leaders, have the ability to work well under pressure and are able to ensure that all work is accomplished in a timely manner. According to Larson (2009) Type A persons are also often entrepreneurial, good delegators and are able to react quickly. Due to this fact, I postulate the hypothesis Managers are almost Type A persons, which has to be tested or confirmed by already existing studies. Characteristics of Socially Anxious People Shyness, feelings of nervousness, inability to concentrate, worrying about to say something wrong or stupid, cut conversations short or avoid them and less self-confidence are all characteristics of socially anxious people (Burger, 2008, pp. 206-210). According to Burger (2008) social anxiety is anxiety related specifically to social interactions or anticipated social interactions (p. 206). Relating to different researchers, the reason why people become anxious is, that they worry about what other people think of them (Burger, 2008, p. 210). Shy and socially anxious people fear, that other people think poorly of them or that they disgrace themselves. Burger (2008) argued, that the shy person`s interaction style is a kind of self-protection, because they put all their efforts on making a good impression. (Burger, 2008, pp. 210-211). Application to business environment Cuncic (2010) postulated, that social anxiety disorder has an huge impact on humans` workplace and career. He argued, that social anxiety in workplace will be reflected by the inability to network effectively, the fear of attending business social events, the difficulty to develop relationships with coworkers, the lack of self-confidence, and difficulty to speak up in meetings (Cuncic, 2010). According to Carducci, a psychology professor at Indiana University, when shyness is properly managed, there will be no limit to the achievement of shy people in the business world (as cited in Cuncic, 2010). The Humanistic Approach The humanistic approach focus on humans` feelings of self-acceptance, self-esteem and personal charge to identify and explain personality and differences in personal behavior (Burger, 2008, p. 5). According to Burger (2008) a key distinction between the humanistic approach and other theories of personality is that people are assumed to be largely responsible for their actions (p. 288). Humanistic researchers identified and concentrated on 4 key elements in order to identify human`s personality. Humanistic scientist focused on (1) the personal responsibility, (2) the here and now, (3) the phenomenology of the individual and (4) the personal growth (Burger, 2008, pp.290-292). Abraham Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow identified five levels of needs, which he arranged in a hierarchy of needs. These needs are (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, belongingness and love, (4) esteem and (5) self-actualization (Burger, 2008, p. 300). He argued, that the lower levels` needs have to be satisfied before a higher-level need comes into play. C:UsersTanjaAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordmaslows_hierarchy_businessballs.jpg Figure : Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs (Chapman, 2001) 1.The physiological needs These needs are the biological needs and consist of the human body`s primary needs, such as foods, water, air, sleep, sex. These needs will dominate when they are unsatisfied and they serve the basis for motivation (Burger, 2008, p. 299). 2. The safety needs Maslow argued, that people are also motivated by satisfying their safety needs. Safety needs include protection from physical harm, ill health, economic disasters or when the future is not predictable (Burger, 2008, pp. 299-300). 3. Social needs When physical and safety needs are satisfied, the next higher level of needs assumes importance. These needs are related to the social nature of people and their need for love, belongingness and companionship. According to Burger (2008) while the satisfaction of the psychological and safety needs will not guarantee happiness, the need for friendship and love soon emerges (p. 300). Dissatisfaction of this level of need may affect the mental health of the individual. 4. Esteem needs The need for both awareness of importance to others (self-esteem) and actual esteem from others is included. Satisfaction of these needs may lead to self-confidence and prestige. If the satisfaction of these needs will failure, this may lead in feelings of inferiority and disincentives (Burger, 2008, p. 301). 5. Need for self-actualization That means, that people will realize fully the potentialities of talents and capabilities. Maslow argued, if all other lower needs are satisfied, people will try to reach self-actualization and focus on developing themselves. He also suggested, that only a few people will reach the level of self-actualization (Burger, 2008, p. 301). Application to business environment

Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia Essay examples -- GCSE English Literatur

Interpreting Hamlet’s Ophelia Was Ophelia in love with Hamlet, or did she have more feeling for her father than for her boyfriend? In Shakespeare’s Hamlet was Ophelia’s madness contributed to by the prince’s rejection of her? The answers to these and other questions about this tragic figure will be given. Rebecca West in â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption† argues that Ophelia has no love for Hamlet, but only for her father: For the myth which has been built round Hamlet is never more perverse than when it pretends that Ophelia went mad for love and killed herself. No line in the play suggests that she felt either passion or affection for Hamlet. She never mentions him in the mad scene, and Horatio says of her, â€Å"She speaks much of her father.† Indeed she was in a situation which requires no sexual gloss. Her father had been murdered by a member of the royal house, and she found herself without protection, since her brother Laertes was in France, in the midst of a crisis such as might well send her out of her wits with fear. For the Danes hostile to the royal house made of her wrong a new pretext for their hostility, and the royal house, noting this, turned against her, helpless though she was [. . .]. (109) Beginning now with the play, the reader/viewer sees that the protagonist of the tragedy, Prince Hamlet, initially appears dressed in solemn black. He is mourning the death of his father, supposedly by snakebite, while he was away at Wittenberg as a student. Hamlet laments the hasty remarriage of his mother to his father’s brother, an incestuous act; thus in his first soliloquy he cries out, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for s... ...ies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Electronic Bulletin Board for Slsu Gumaca Essay

As the trend of technology rises, there is a lot of improvement and other modifications has been taken place in every technology systems that are existing. Through the creative thinking of the people nothing is impossible when it comes to developing or improving new technology. Delaying information using communication devices, equipments and gadgets is not new anymore in the world of communication. It is very important to be transmitted must reach its recipient in the shortest possible time in order to obtain the essence of the information. A bulletin board (pin board, pin board, notice board, or notice board in British English) is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made of a material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages, or they can be placed on computer networks so people can leave and erase messages for other people to read and see. Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. They are used by many sports groups and extracurricular groups and anything from local shops to official notices. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu posting sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number. Internet forums are becoming a global replacement for traditional bulletin boards. Online bulletin boards are sometimes referred to as message boards. The terms bulletin board, message board and even Internet forum are interchangeable, although often one bulletin board or message board can contain a n umber of Internet forums or discussion groups. An online board can serve the same purpose as a physical bulletin board. Magnet boards, or magnetic bulletin boards, are a popular substitute for cork boards because they lack the problem of board deterioration from the insertion and removal of pins over time. In the present society, competition is on its peak more specifically in the rapid growing technology. Technology advancement leads to more effective and progressive living. Technology conquers the world in terms of information and communication. As has been said all computers require a program, or a list of instructions to guide their activity. Sometimes the program is designed, or resides, within the hardware of the computer and cannot be changed without redesigning the hardware. More often the program is entered as software into memory and maybe easily removed or altered. (Grolier Family Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p 150) Information technology has become an increasingly important component of an organization. Technology facilities the ongoing of affirm have been contributing to its competitive strategy, and for those organizations, the key to survive is through the intelligent application of this technology. With the help of computer programs, any information and special announcements can become ease to forecast. Today, computers played an important role in every aspects of human living. Computer is a broad subject that includes a wide range of topics such as networking, software, hardware and the likes. Computers have the most development reported everyday. Such technology evolves, and benefits everyone a vast variety of modern equipment, net software that is important in this growing technological industry. (Scott F. Midkipp, 2003) This study was designed to help SLSU Gumaca students in giving or forecasting information and special announcements in fast and accurate service at all times. Manual system of forecasting or announcing information of SLSU Gumaca is extremely time consuming and hardly be found. The study helps eliminate the problems encountered using the manual system. The chaos during forecasting of information and special announcements and the advancements in computer technology has pushed for the conversion of the manual system of forecasting information and special announcements into digital and electronic manner. Background of the Study The main purpose of the researcher is to improve the quality of giving information to all of the students of Southern Luzon State University Gumaca Campus, and to know how effective and productive it is in terms of the quality of execution and implementation. The researchers had proposed a system that is an improvement of bulletin board in the campus; the data/information would be displayed in a digital way and interpreted automatically, with the help of this, the students will have a convenience in knowing different essential announcements like schedules of examination, time schedule of daily activities of the institution, and other relevant information that students must know. In connection to that the students will be informed well and the level of accuracy is highly acceptable in terms of receiving valid information. The hassle and the waste of time of distributing paper announcements and other sort of giving information to the students made the researchers decide to improve the system in order to meet the most desirability Since Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed and also that’s one of the reasons behind why the researchers decided to make it electronic and digital for it to be decoded easily. Objectives The researchers aimed to answer the following sets of objectives that are worthy for the system evaluation: 1. To determine different problems in giving information using papers and other resourced materials. 2. To evaluate the design of the newly improved bulletin board in SLSU Gumaca. 3. To evaluate the performance of the Bulletin Board in terms of the execution of the programs and other templates. 4. To determine the significant difference between the old ways and modern ways of giving information to the students. Significance of the study The study deals with the A Electronic Bulletin Board for SLSU Gumaca Campus†. This study will help the researchers and all of the Students of SLSU Gumaca to determine the importance of giving information through Digital Electronic Bulletin Board. The old or manual systems of forecasting information to the students would then be replaced by the highly advanced improvement of technology. For the future researchers, this study will serve as a guide for them if ever they will be conducting this kind of project study. For the Students of SLSU Gumaca, it will be an effective way of receiving a valid, real time information. Res Admin Statement of the Problem This particular study will be undertaken to analyze the design features and the effectiveness of the proposed project entitled â€Å"A Digital Electronic Bulletin Board for SLSU Gumaca.† This research/study aims to answer the following questions. 1. How would it be more productive for the students of SLSU Gumaca in getting information via Digital Electronic Bulletin board? 2. Why does it help a lot to both faculty and students for trading information and updates etc.? 3. What will be the appropriate design in order to catch up the attention of the students? 4. How will the proposed system be monitored and maintained? 5. What is the level of acceptability in terms of a. security and b. reliability? c. Jj d. Jjj e. Jj f. Nnn g. Hh h. Scope and constraints The study covered only the evaluation and implementation of the Digital Electronic Bulletin Board in SLSU Gumaca. The proposed system will run only in either win XP or win7 operating system. The researchers will be using standard PC unit serves as the server that has an installed Microsoft office (2003/2007) access database wherein all of the relevant information like special announcements events updates and other schedule of the activities will be stored and be encoded by the campus clerk or the person assigned to do that certain job. The designs for the templates and hardware for the proposed system will be made used of the resourced materials that are set visible and easy to use just like VB 6.0 for all of the software and templates, a flat screen wide monitor with the size of 32† and has modified and specialized features that is able to support the software the researchers had made. VGA connectors for the cabling connections that have the measurement of not more than 100 ft. depending upon the distance and location of the widescreen monitor. The proposed system has limited special effects when it comes to the animation and transitions of the texts and other objects. The recommended screen resolution will be 1920Ãâ€"1080 it will no longer be connected to the internet. Definition of Terms The following terms are operationally defined for clear understanding of this study: Evaluation – is assessing and judging the value of a piece of work; an organisation or a service. Its main purpose is to help an organization reflect on what it is trying to achieve, assessing how far it is succeeding, and identify required changes. Information – is the data that have been organized and meaningful to the persons receiving it. SLSU Gumaca – it is the institution wherein the study was being conducted Bulletin Board – A bulletin board (pin board, pin board, notice board, or notice board in British English) is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Digital – Of pertaining to, or like the fingers or digits digitate showing information such as numerals by means of electronics Vb 6.0 – is a programming language that was being used in the system Electronic – of or pertaining to electrons, operating or produced by the movement of free electrons or other carries of electric charge, as in an electron tube pertaining to electronics. Database- A database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For example, a company database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the table Chapter II REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter covers the review of related literature and studies the design paradigm. Literature and studies were gathered from the book, journals, internet sites, and other resources that could help the researchers fully understood the related topics relevant of the study. Bulletin board A bulletin board (pinboard, pin board, noticeboard, or notice board in British English) is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made of a material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages, or they can be placed on computer networks so people can leave and erase messages for other people to read and see. Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. They are used by many sports groups and extracurricular groups and anything from local shops to official notices. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts, bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu posting sites in areas where official boards are sparse in number. Internet forums are becoming a global replacement for traditional bulletin boards. Online bulletin boards are sometimes referred to as message boards. The terms bulletin board, message board and even Internet forum are interchangeable, although often one bulletin board or message board can contain a number of Internet forums or discussion groups. An online board can serve the same purpose as a physical bulletin board. Magnet boards, or magnetic bulletin boards, are a popular substitute for cork boards because they lack the problem of board deterioration from the insertion and removal of pins over time. A bulletin board system, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and log in to the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through email, public message boards, and sometimes via direct chatting. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other. Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet, packet switched network, or packet radio connection. Ward Christensen coined the term â€Å"bulletin board system† as a reference to the traditional cork-and-pin bulletin board often found in entrances of supermarkets, schools, libraries or other public areas where people can post messages, advertisements, or community news. By â€Å"computerizing† this method of communications, the name of the first BBS system was born: CBBS – Computerized Bulletin Board System. During their heyday from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, most BBSes were run as a hobby free of charge by the system operator (or â€Å"sysop†), while other BBSes charged their users a subscription fee for access, or were operated by a business as a means of supporting their customers. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social network services and other aspects of the Internet. As the use of the Internet became more widespread in the mid to late 1990s, traditional BBSes rapidly faded in popularity. Today, Internet forums occupy much of the same social and technological space as BBSes did, and the term BBS is often used to refer to any online forum or message board. Although BBSing survives only as a niche hobby in most parts of the world, it is still an extremely popular form of communication for Taiwanese youth (see PTT Bulletin Board System). Most BBSes are now accessible over Telnet and typically offer free email accounts, FTP services, IRC and all of the protocols commonly used on the Internet. Some offer access through packet switched networks, or packet radio connections. Early BBSes were often a local phenomenon, as one had to dial into a BBS with a phone line and would have to pay additional long distance charges for a BBS out of the local calling area. Thus, many users of a given BBS usually lived in the same area, and activities such as BBS meets or get togethers were common, where users of the board would gather at a local restaurant, the sysop’s home or similar venue and meet face to face. Research Paradigm Figure 1: Research Paradigm Figure 1 shows the process in evaluating computerized sales transaction in Quickfox Computer Sales and Services plus. The process has two inputs consist of computer system database design and questionnaire. Procedures/Data Collection The researchers used the most common techniques of data gathering by means of survey and interview and interview processes. First, the researchers had the survey by means of using a questionnaire then distributed to the target respondents. The questions dealt only with the topic interest of the research. And then the interview process had been done to answer one of the objectives of the study. Then, the researchers raised another set of questions through the use of checklist questionnaire to the owner for their cooperation for another survey to test how much time consumed using the manual transaction and using the computerized transaction sales.