The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 - 6444 Words

Bulletin of Science, Technology Society http://bst.sagepub.com/ The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 Roli Varma and Daya R. Varma Bulletin of Science Technology Society 2005 25: 37 DOI: 10.1177/0270467604273822 The online version of this article can be found at: http://bst.sagepub.com/content/25/1/37 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Association for Science, Technology Society Additional services and information for Bulletin of Science, Technology Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://bst.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav†¦show more content†¦R. Varma, 1986; D. R. Varma Guest, 1993). In 2002, a play â€Å"Bhopal† was staged in Canada as well as in India. The Nature of Things of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation screened the documentary â€Å"Bhopal: The Search for Justice,† directed by Peter Raymont and Lindalee Tracey, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Bhopal disaster. The Bhopal issue has been taken up by numerous organizations. Sambhavana Foundation, which came into being as a response to the disaster, operates a free clinic for the victims, does epidemiological and envi- I Bulletin of Science, Technology Society, Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2005, 37-45 DOI: 10.1177/0270467604273822 Copyright ï›™ 2005 Sage Publications Downloaded from bst.sagepub.com at University of Wollongong on March 3, 2012 38 BULLETIN OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE / February 2005 Figure 1. Map of Bhopal showing the location of the UCIL plant and the areas most severely affected (shaded). Inset: Location of Bhopal in India. ronmental research, and is building a hospital. Rashida Bee and Champa Devi Shukla, two survivors of the tragedy and activists of the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal, won the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize in 2004. In this article, we present what happened in Bhopal and why. We outline the doubleShow MoreRelatedBhopal Gas Disaster Of 19841247 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bhopal Gas Disaster of 1984 INTRODUCTION On the Night of December 2, 1984, there was a horrific accident at the Union Carbide Pesticide Chemical Factory in Bhopal, India. The factory produced a chemical called methyl isocyanate (MIC) also know by Union Carbide as â€Å"Liquid Dynamite†. It is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO MIC is a highly reactive intermediate chemical used to manufacture various pesticides. This chemical reacts exothermically with water and produces a poisonousRead MoreBhopal, India Disaster Of 19841028 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will examine the Bhopal, India disaster of 1984 focusing on the ethical responsibility of Union Carbide. In the rest of this document is the case that a corporation has a responsibility to behave ethically if for no other reason than increase in long term profitability. Background In 1969 the Union Carbide plan was built in Bohpal India. The plant was operated by Union Carbide India Ltd (Leonard, 2010). 50.9% of the plant was owned by Union Carbide (of which Union CarbideRead MoreUnion Carbides Bhopal Disaster1301 Words   |  6 PagesUnion Carbide s Bhopal Disaster In 1984, as if in a nightmare, a cloud of poison gas reached out and snuffed the lives of thousands of people in the sleeping city of Bhopal, India. The residents awoke to a terrible disaster, a chemical explosion whose memory could never be erased. At the center of the tragedy was the Union Carbide pesticide plant, and surrounding the accident were doubts and accusations of negligence and unethical practices. The Disaster On December 3, 1984, one of the worldRead MoreEssay about Bhopal Ethical Issues1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the worlds worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Gas Tragedy984 Words   |  4 PagesBhopal Gas Tragedy Product - Brand name Sevin (Union Carbide) - Third most used insecticide in US - Not fatal to people Carbaryl - Does not cause cancer Chemistry TLV = 0.02 ppm Methyl isocyanate Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) Clear, colourless, b.p. 39oC, odour threshold 2.1 ppm Effects of 0.4 ppm - Coughing - Chest pain - Breathing pain (dyspnea) - Asthma - Eye irritation - Nose, throat, skin damage Effects of 21 ppm - Lung oedema - Emphysema (damage of lung tissue) - hemorrhaging - bronchialRead MoreBhopal, Bhopal And Its Effects900 Words   |  4 Pagesyears ago in Bhopal, India, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant led to around thirty tons of highly toxic gases to fill the air and spread through the nearby towns. When the accident occurred, over 600,000 people were exposed to the very deadly gas. Over the past years, 15,000 people have been killed by the disaster and it’s effects. (Union Carbide Corporation, 2001-2014) Toxic material still remains in Bhopal to this day. (Taylor, 2014) This accident occurred in 1984 at the Union CarbideRead MoreBhopal Ethical Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the world s worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreDisaster Is A Blind Killer1457 Words   |  6 PagesDisaster is a blind killer as it erupts and affects thousands worldwide. The severity of disasters is expected to increase as a result of contemporary threats (biological, cyber, nuclear, etc.) in addition to increased globalization and climate change. Yet sometimes government bodies, corporations, and the like fall short in instituting preventative systems to avert a disaster, oftentimes causing the general populous to be inadequately pre pared should a catastrophe occur. Union Carbide’s gas leakRead MoreComparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy1362 Words   |  6 Pagesmade some serious mistakes which caused a huge damage and large amount of death to people. In this essay, I am going to write about the two disasters that caused a lot of injures by the explosion of poisonous chemicals, which located in India and Italy. According to Shrivastava (1996), on the night of 2/3 December 1984, an enormous accident happened in Bhopal, India, the highly poisonous and unbalanced chemical gas was escaped from the factory and continue to spread over the city which caused byRead MoreThe Gas Leak Tragedy Of Bhopal1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gas Leak Tragedy of Bhopal, India is considered the worst industrial disaster in history. Originally, the Bhopal pesticide plants were to be some of the best and most beautiful plants which would have huge production capabilities. However, in 1984 there was a massive leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) which spread out to local communities and has negatively affected the health of hundreds of thousands of people. The reason why the pesticide plant was created was for the â€Å"Green Revolution† in the

The Health Care Of America - 1274 Words

Blacks in America are amongst the top percentage of people in America without health insurance. Because these families cannot afford the high cost of insurance, they do not get the health care needed to maintain good health. They must live with the pain and worry of the problem and when they do get medical care, they assume huge debts and another worry of how to pay for it. I have been in this situation of being uninsured as recent as when Obama care started. I will attempt to show some factors why blacks are under insured. Even though Oboma care has made healthcare more affordable with tax credit incenstives there are many still left unisuired. There has to be a change in the way are country health care indsustry operates. â€Å"A sweeping†¦show more content†¦The Republicans and the Democrats are more concerned with paying down the national debt that getting health care coverage for those who need it. So any coverage that a family does have is from the employer if they w ork. Employment insurance in most companies is for the employee only. The employee then has to have money taken out of their paycheck to cover their family members. Depending on the number of family members to be covered depends on how much money will be taken out of the paycheck. Unless we work for a prestigious company and make lots of money the money taken out of our paychecks shorten the amount we take home to live on. So the employee may have insurance but their spouse may not. This is a problem when the spouse cannot work. Another situation is when the employer does not offer any insurance to their employees. The employee is then part of the millions who do not have health care insurance and cannot afford to pay for it. The people who do not have the coverage are those who are too poor to afford it. Many working parents who fall into the lower class are the greatest group of people who cannot afford insurance. Another factor of the uninsured Americans are those who have a lowe r level of education. Generally, the better educated the person the better chance they are to have a good job that covers them and their family. Those who have a high volume income are those who are most likely to have healthcare insurance, and

Australian taxation Residency Source and Ordinary Income-free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Australian taxation Residency Source and Ordinary Income. Answer: Residency and source Issue related to the case Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. He took birth in Chile and is still retaining the citizenship of Chile. He is spending most of his time in the coast of Indonesia as he had been recruited for a job by a United States based company in Australia. He had signed the contract with the company in Australia. Wife of Kit had been living in Australia with their two children. They had purchased a house in Australia three years back. Kit is having a joint account with his wife in Westpac bank. The salary of Kit is directly deposited in this account. The other investment income of family including share portfolio dividend income remains in the city of Chile. Kit is getting one month off from his job in every third month and on these holidays he comes to meet his family in Australia or in Chile. Regulations related to the case As per the provisions of Australian taxation office, there are various types of test which help in testing the residential status of the person: [7] Primary test First of all primary test is taken into consideration for the purpose of checking the residential status. The primary test of residency is also called the residency test. As per the provisions of this test, the person who is residing in Australia will be considered as the resident of Australia depending on the following considerations: Intention of residing in Australia: the assessee must have attention to live in Australia for a longer period and is not just living there for a shorter period. [8] Ties with family and the employment: the person is considered as the resident of Australia if his family and children are living in Australia and he is also having long term ties with employer in Australia. The location of assets: the person is considered as the resident of Australia if he is having a house, bank accounts and other assets in Australia. Arrangement with the society: the behavior of the person must include the social arrangement in Australia that is admitting their children in the local schools of Australia. Domicile test The domicile test is the second test which provides that the person will be considered as the resident of Australia if the permanent place of business of the concerned person is Australia no matter the person is actually residing in Australia or not. [14] 183 days test This test provides that the person will be considered as the resident of Australia if the person had lived in Australia for a period of 183 days or more. The counting of 183 days includes the days spent with breaks and without breaks both. [14] Superannuation test This test is applicable on the government employees that are currently working in Australia and other persons that are covered in the eligible superannuation scheme. Hence the person covered under the above scheme will be considered as the resident of Australia. [15] Application of the relevant provision on the case The primary test of residency is not applicable on the above case as he is not presently residing in Australia. He is working in United States and he is hired under a contract by the United States based company. He had also not fulfilled the 183 days test as he had not lived in Australia for the minimum period thus he will also not be covered under the 183 days. He will also not be covered under the superannuation test as he is not the government employee of Australia and is also not covered under the superannuation scheme. Thus he will be covered under the domicile test as the person is not living in Australia but the principal place remains in Australia. Kit had left Australia for a temporary period only to complete his contract and he will come back to Australia after the specified period. Kit does not set up the permanent home in United States and his wife and children are already living in a house which was acquired in Australia. The salary of his job from United States also com es in bank account of Australia thus he had not made any arrangements for permanent living in United States thus this shows he will not be residing permanently in United states. Thus he will be considered as the resident of Australia for the purpose of taxation and his world wide income will be taxable in Australia. [16] Conclusion on the case Kit will be considered as the resident of Australia as he is covered under the definition of domicile test and had duly passed the test. Thus he is the resident of Australia for the taxation purposes. The worldwide income of the resident is taxable in the country to which the person belongs as the resident. Hence in this case, the worldwide income of Kit will be taxable in Australia. The taxability of the person depends on various factors such as social factors etc. The various types of income such as the employment income, rental income, pension and annuities and the capital gain of the Australian resident will be taxable as per the provision of Australian taxation. Thus the investment income and salary of Kit will be taxable as per the Australian taxation. Though the investment income is received in Chile but he is considered as the resident of Australia thus it will be taxable in Australia. The salary comes in the bank account of Australia thus it will be taxable in Australia. But Kit will be eligible to claim foreign tax credit of the tax that had been deducted at source in various countries such as Chile and United States. Ordinary income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd. v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5TC 159 The above case is identified with the offer of the capital asset and the treatment of the gain that is received on sale of the property will be dealt with as the ordinary or the capital nature. As indicated by this case, the court had given the decision that when the investments are sold by the proprietor at a value more than the cost of securing then the profit won't be considered as ordinary income yet there is an exemption that if the sale of the asset is not made only with the end goal of progress and it is identified with the normal operations of the business then it will be dealt with as income of ordinary nature. Consequently in the above case, the land was sold in connection to the typical operations of the business in this way the benefit gotten discounted of land will be dealt with as the ordinary income. [9] Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 The above case is identified with the organization that had procured certain real estate parcel so it can do mining work however it was not effective henceforth it thought about a thought to subdivide the land and after that the subdivided land were sold to various individuals at profits. In any case, the organization battled that it is having mining business and is not simply offering land. The court had given that according to the provisions of subsection 1 of section 25 of ITAA 1936, profit by sale of land will be incorporated into the assessable income. In the above case, land was sold after subdivision and in this way the subdivision was done ordinarily which led to repetition of operations and giving a feeling that it was basically a business of land improvement in this way the profits will be recorded as the ordinary income. [10] FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In the above case, subdivision of land was done Whit fords and they had sold the land with the feeling that it will be dealt with as the capital gain. The high court had given that the salary earned by them will be dealt with as ordinary income as it is being surveyed under section 25(1) of the ITAA 1936 and the domestic land had been changed over to the land utilized for transaction of business nature. In this manner the court had additionally extended meaning of isolated transaction and had given that individual transaction are likewise considered as ordinary transaction relying on the nature. In this manner the benefit received marked down of land will be normal income. [6] Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In the above case, the land sold had initially been acquired keeping in mind the end goal to do cultivating operations by the perished individual and the land was given to a few individuals from the family and they had subdivided the land and after that sold the land. Accordingly the evaluates needed to consider the profits as the income of capital nature yet the chief needed to consider them as the regular income. In any case, the court had given the reasult that it will be considered as the ordinary income as they are doing cultivating business as opposed to land offering business. [3] Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 In the above case, child got arrive from the father in connection to conveying the cultivating business however his business was not effective hence he subdivided the land and had sold the land yet had held some piece of the land with a specific end goal to complete the cultivating operations. Consequently the government court had given the judgment that the profit made on special of land won't be covered under section 25(1), as it is not conveying any operations to sale the land but rather had quite recently sold the land for realization of cash thus it won't be considered as income of ordinary nature. [11] Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The organization had procured land in the above case keeping in mind the end goal to sale the sand ashore however a letter was received from the administration which provided that they require the land to complete the mining operations and organization had questioned the land. In any case, after some time the land was sold by the organization and the organization fought that it won't be considered as ordinary income. However, the court had given the judgment that the organization needed to earn profit at a sale of land thus it turned into a critical action and it is not a pre prerequisite that profit earning ought to be the sole motivation behind any action subsequently the profit will be considered as a component of the ordinary income. [5] Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The above case comprises of the rancher which had acquired 5 squares of land keeping in mind the end goal to do the cultivating yet it had subdivided the land after a few years and the sold the pieces of land. The court had given the judgment that the profit will be taken as ordinary income as the agriculturist realized that it can do cultivating for a few years just and after that it will sle the land in necessity of the funds. Subsequently the offer of land was plan and accordingly it will be ordinary income. [13] McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The above case gave that a man had obtained an as of now built house yet had damaged the old house and had developed three new houses and he had likewise given different notices for sale of house. but due to any reason the sqale of house did not happen so they themselves utilized two houses for their private reason and had sold the third house at a gain of $150000 yet after some time they acquired new land keeping in mind the end goal to build house and had sold the new house as well. In this case the court had given the judgment that the sale of house was a business and repeating movement in this way the profit from sale of business will be considered as the ordinary income. [1] References: Davies J., 2016, McCurry Anor v FC of T; Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539084sl16707683/mccurry-anor-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-15-may-1998 Keith Harvey, Ambry Legal, 2008, Tax Basics Taxation CGT Aspects of Real Property Development; Available at: https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfmPaperDisplay=https://www.tved.net.au/PublicPapers/September_2008,_Tax_Basics,_Tax_Basics___Program_29___Taxation___CGT_Aspects_of_Real_Property_Development.html Australian Taxation Office, 1988, Statham Anor V. Federal Commission of Taxation; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?locid=%27JUD/89ATC4070%27PiT=99991231235958 Australian Taxation Office, 2009, Taxation Ruling: TR 2007/8W Registered Agricultural managed investment schemes; Available at:https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=TXR/TR20078/NAT/ATO/00001 Michael Flynn, 20xx, Distinguishing between Income and Capital Receipts A Search for Principle; Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlATax/1999/13.html Australian Taxation Office, 2016, Taxation Ruling: TR 92/3 Whether profits on isolated transactions are income; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Residency The resides test; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/In-detail/Residency/Residency---the-resides-test/ Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Workout your residency status for tax purposes; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/Residency-tests/ Joel Manyam, 2011, Taxation of gains from Banking and Insurance Businesses in New Zealand; Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1211context=rlj Atana Technologies Pty. Ltd., 2016, Subdivision of Land Income or Capital gains tax; Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_33265 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, ATO ID 2002/273 Income Tax: Sale of Subdivided farm land Income or capital gain?; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002273/00001 Atana Technologies Pty. Ltd., 2016, Income CGT subdivision and sale of land; Available at: https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_75779 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, ATO ID 2001/55 Deductions and Expenses: Loss on sale of property on subdivided land; Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 Australian Taxation Office, 2017, Taxation Ruling TR 98/17: Residency status of individuals entering Australia; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=TXR/TR9817/NAT/ATO/00001 Neal Dallas, 2016, ATO Residency Tests; Available at: https://www.mcw.com.au/page/Publications/superannuation-law/ato-residency-test/ Australian Taxation Office, 2016, Taxation Ruling IT 2650: Residency permanent place of abode outside Australia; Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001

Observation phase Essays - 2nd Millennium BC,

Observation phase Topic 1: Source: http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/cleopatra Notes: Cleopatra ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent for almost three decades. She became the last dynasty of Macedonian rulers who served alexander the great. Cleopatra was well-educated and very cleaver. She spoke multiple languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her co regencies She has a supposed exotic beauty with the powers of seduction. She is mostly remembered in history due to this myth Egypt grew in power and was more prosperous under her rule She had romantic liaisons and military alliances with roman leaders Topic 2: Akhenaten Source: http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/akhenaten.html Notes: Akhenaten is an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty He ruled Egypt for 17 years He is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing a worship centre where they would worship one high status. Monotheism The worship centres, would worship a solar deity called Aten. He reign lasted five years following the policies of his father and the religious traditions of Egypt That year he under went a dramatic religious transformation changed his devotion from Amun to Aten for the next twelve years He is mostly known as the heretic king who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt. Topic 3: Hatshepsut Source: http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hatshepsut Notes: The name Hatshepsut means the foremost of Noble Ladies' She was the fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty. She was the second historically confirmed female Pharaoh. She came to the throne of Egypt 1478 BC. Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, Thutmose III's father. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as very important to Egypt at the time of her rule She is viewed as most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. According to Egyptologist